Water and power consumption: Analysis of sewage treatment plant

Water and power consumption: Analysis of sewage treatment plant 1. INTRODUCTION: Waters unique Characteristics and its essential Role for all life have inspired myths and influenced cultures, religions, art, and literature through all times. The process involved for the RBC Biological Treatment method is named as FIXED FILM ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTOR BIOWHEELS. In this process by means of rotation of the bio wheels micro organisms are expected to growth in the RBC and the overflow from the Lamella clarifier will be the first stage of the treated water. The micro organisms will develop on the surface of the disk and the colonization of the organisms will take place because of the inlet load into the system. The thick film like formation in the surface of the disk is the indication of the growth. In Sewage water the main constituents of Pollutants being organic in nature these can be digested easily in the RBC. Sewage is created by institutions, residences, and hospitals and commercial and industrial establishments. Raw influent of sewage wastewater includes household waste liquid from the toilets, sinks, showers, kitchens, baths, and so forth that is disposed of sewage waste water. 1.1 Aim: The aim of the project is to Analysis of water consumption and power consumption of sewage treatment plant. 1.2 Objective: * To Analysis the water and power consumption of the sewage treatment plant * To vary the parameters of water source, power source. * To Analyze the Rotating Biological contactor Biowheels.Lamella clarifier * Analyzing 2D design of the Sewage Treatment Plant. * To analyze the results and propose appropriate solution. 2. BACKGROUND RESEARCH: Waste water collected from domestic and industrial communities must be returned to receiving waters or to the land. Although the collecting of storm water and drainage dates from ancient times the collection of waste water can be traced only to the early 1800s. The systematic treatment of wastewater followed in the late 1800s and early 1900s. There are many methods and processes to treat wastewater. The most common approach uses primary treatment (screening and clarification) to remove solids; aerobic, suspended growth, activated sludge secondary treatment to reduce organic pollutants; and chlorine disinfection to reduce pathogens. Secondary treatment is the largest energy consumer (30 to 60% of total plant usage), followed by pumping and sludge processing. Although suspended growth, activated sludge is the most common wastewater treatment process, it is not the most energy efficient. Aerated lagoons, trickling filters and rotating biological contactors are significantly more efficient. They are not as widely used because aerated lagoons require a large land area, and trickling filters and rotating biological contactors are better suited for smaller capacity applications. Many wastewater treatment plants are shifting from chlorine-based disinfection to UV disinfection to eliminate the risk of storage and handling of toxic chemicals. Although UV disinfection is energy intensive, it adds no chemical residue to the effluent. This feature is particularly important for discharge to sensitive aquatic environments or for wastewater reuse. In general, low pressure UV systems are substantially more efficient than medium pressure systems. Energy efficiency opportunities in wastewater treatment include the use of fine bubble diffusers, dissolved oxygen control of aeration, high efficiency blowers, variable frequency drives on pumps and blowers, premium efficiency motors, and the reduction of the head against which pumps and blowers operate. Sewage is generally a mixture of domestic of waste water from bath, sinks and washing machines and toilets, waste water from all industry and rainwater runoff from roads and other surfaced areas. Every day in the UK about 347,000 Kilometers of sewers collect over 11 Billion liters of waste water. This is treated about 9000 sewage treatment works before the treated effluent is discharged to inland waters, estuaries and the sea. Without suitable treatment, the waste water we produce every day would damage the water environmental and creates to affect the public health problems. Untreated sewage contains organic matter carbohydrates, fats and proteins, bacteria and chemicals. Bacteria naturally present in environmental waters do break these substances down, but in doing so they use the oxygen dissolved in this water. If there were large or continuous untreated discharges of urban waste water the result could be too little oxygen for fish and other aquatic life to survive. So the purpose of waste water treatment is to remove organic substances to protect the environment from these effects. Sewage works therefore reproduce what would be occurring in the environmental. Settling out much of the solid matter is called Primary Treatment, and using Bacteria that digest and break down the organic substances is called Secondary Treatment. Sometimes further treatment Tertiary is required to protect sensitive water environments; Tertiary treatment can involve disinfecting the treated effluent to protect the bathing and shellfish waters. It can also involve the removal of phosphorous or nitrates nutrients present in sewage. To protect the waters that is threatened by eutrophication. (ref sewage treatment in the UK defray department for environment food Rural affairs,PB 6655 March 2002.). 3. LITERATURE REVIEW: Municipal water use is generally divided into four categories, 1. Domestic water normally used for sanitary and general purposes 2. Industrial water used for nondomestic purposes, 3. The Public service water normally used for fir fighting, and system maintenance and also municipal landscape irrigation. 4. Unaccounted for system losses and leakage The following data are typical municipal water use in the United States Report. ( (George Tchobanoglous and Franklin L. Burton, 1991) Table 1 Municipalities water use 3.1 Domestic water use:. Domestic water use encompasses the water supplied to residential areas ,and commercial districts, institutional facilities, and recreational facilities as a measured by individual water meters .The uses to which this water is put include drinking, washing, bathing, culinary, and waste removal, and yard watering these kind of water collected from household sewage. Using the average flow values reported in above table of the water used in a municipal water supply system is for domestic purposes. 3.2 Residential areas: The water normally used by residential households consists of water for interior use such as showers and toilets and water for exterior use such as lawn watering and car washing, the household wastewater mostly used in sewage treatment plant. Typical data for interior water use are presented in below table. How much amount of water used in residential areas water use for exterior applications varies widely depending upon the geographic location, climate and time of year and mainly consists of landscape irrigation. The Residential areas 100% of water normally used by typical distribution of residential interior water use the following table given details Table 2 Typical distribution interior water use (George Tchobanoglous and Franklin L. Burton, 1991) 3.3 Commercial facilities: The water used by commercial facilities for sanitary purposes will vary widely depending on the type of activity means example of offices and compared to a restaurant. Typical water use values for various types of commercial facilities are reported in following table also for large commercial water using facilities such as laundries and car washes, careful estimates of actual water use should be made. Table 3 Typical rates of water use for commercial facilities (George Tchobanoglous and Franklin L. Burton, 1991) 3.4 Institutional facilities: Water used by facilities such as hospitals, schools and rest home is usually based on some measure of the size of the facility and the type of housing function provided example of per student or per bed, and water normally use for schools will vary significantly depending on whether the students are housed on campus or are day students. The representative water use values for institutional facilities are reported following table. Table 4 Typical water-use values for institutional facilities (George Tchobanoglous and Franklin L. Burton, 1991) 3.5 Recreational Facilities: The recreational facilities mostly water used in such as swimming pools, bowling alleys, and camps, resorts, then country clubs perform a wide range of functions involving water use. The following table typical water use values are reported. Table: Typical water-use values for recreational facilities (George Tchobanoglous and Franklin L. Burton, 1991) 4. SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT: 4.1PRINCIPLE: Sewage treatment plant there are two main types of biological reaction, depending upon the presence or absence of free oxygen, the aerobic reaction takes place only in the presence of free oxygen and produces stable, relatively inert end products. Anaerobic reaction are more complex, being two stage, proceeding relatively slowly and leading to end products which are unstable and which still contain considerable amounts of energy. In any biological reaction the energy in the organic matter, used as food by the microorganisms, is split three ways; some is used in creating new microorganisms, some is incorporated in the end products of the reaction, the proportions of energy in the three areas depend upon the nature of the reaction, the type of organic matter, the type of microorganisms,and environmental conditions. The organic matter in wastewater thus provides the well as providing the energy for the oxidation reactions which releases the end products of biological treatment. (THY Teb butt,1990). Domestic sewage satisfies all these requirements but some industrial wastewaters may be lacking in nutrients or other factors, which could result in inhibition of biological activity, Toxic substances present in the wastewater can also mean that biological treatment of an organic wastewater is ineffective, although it is sometimes possible for microorganisms to become acclimated to substances which initially appear to be toxic. The aim of conventional biological treatment processes is to achieve almost complete removal of the organic matter in the feed. The activated sludge system is a common form of dispersed growth reactor, and both systems require a settling facility to remove the excess biological solids produced in the process. In the case of fixed film systems the solids are essentially dead cells, but with the dispersed growth activated sludge systems the bulk of the cells are living and are returned to the reactor for re use, only the excess solids being removed. (THY Tebbut t,1990). Characterstics of waste water sewage treatment plant:  · Bio chemical oxygen demand  · Total dissolved solids  · Chemical oxygen demand  · Total suspended solids  · PH  · Bio chemical oxygen demand: It is a measure of the amount of oxygen that bacteria will consume while decomposing organic matter under aerobic conditions.  · Total dissolved solids: It comprises inorganic salts and small amounts of organic matter that are dissolved in water. The principle constituents are usually the captions , calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium and the anions carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride, sulphate and particularly in groundwater nitrate.  · Chemical oxygen demand: It is a measure of the total quantity of oxygen required to oxidize all organic material into carbon dioxide and water. * Total suspended solids: It is a measure of the suspended solids in waste water, effluent, or water bodies determined by tests for Total suspended non-filterable solids.  · PH: It is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution numerically equal to 7 for neutral solutions increasing with increasing alkalinity and decreasing with increasing acidity. The PH scale commonly in use ranges from 0 to 14. ( www.answers.com ) Classification of Waste Water Treatment Methods The wastewater treatment is contaminants are removed by physical, chemical and also biological methods. Sewage Treatment Plant individual methods usually are classified as a physical unit operations, chemical unit operations and also Biological unit operations and processes. Although these operations and processes occur in a variety of combinations in Treatment Systems. (George Tchobanoglous, FranKlin L.Burton, 1991,1979,1972) 4.2 Physical operations unit: The Treatment methods in which the application of physical forces to predominate are known as physical operation unit. Because most of these methods involved directly from the first observations of a nature, and they were the first to be used for wastewater .treatment. These are the Screening, Mixing, Flocculation, Flotation,sedimentation,Filtration,and Gas transfer are typical unit operations. (George Tchobanoglous, FranKlin L.Burton, 1991,1979,1972). Screening: The first off all unit operation entered in wastewater treatment plants is screening .a screen is a device with openings ,generally of uniform a size, that is using to retain the coarse solids found in wastewater. Description: The screening elements may consists of parallel bars, wires or ,grating, rods, mesh, or perforated plate ,a screen composed of parallel bars or rods is called a bar rack sometimes called a bar screen). The term screen is used for screening devices consisting of perforated plates wedges wire elements and wire cloth. The materials removed by these devices are known as screenings. Bar Racks: In Wastewater treatment, bar racks are used to protect the Pumps pipelines valves and other appurtenances from the damaged or clogging by a rags and large objects. Screens: Sewage treatment plant is widely used to Barscreening,early screens were of the inclined disk or drum type, whose screening media consisted of bronze or copper plates with milled slots ,and were installed in place of sedimentation tanks for primary treatment .since the early 1970s,there has been resurgence of interest in the field of wastewater treatment in the use of screens of all types ,the application range from primary treatment to the removal of the residual suspended solids from biological treatment processes. (George Tchobanoglous, FranKlin L.Burton, 1991,1979,1972) Mixing: Mixing is an important unit operation in many phases of wastewater treatment including (1)the mixing of one substances completely with another, (2)the mixing of liquid suspensions,(3)the blending of miscible liquids,(4)flocculation and (5)heat transfer .chemicals are also mixed with sludge to improve tidal watering characteristics. In anaerobic digestion, mixing is used accelerate the biological conversion process and to heat the contents of the digester uniformly . Description Apparatus: Most mixing operations in wastewater can be classified as continuous rapid or continuous. Continuous -rapid mixing is used most often where one substance is to be mixed with another. Continuous mixing is used where the contents of reactor or holding tank or basin must be kept in suspension. Energy dissipation mixing: The power input per unit volume of liquid can be used as a rough measure of mixing effectiveness, based on the reasoning that more input power creates greater turbulance,and greater turbulence leads to better mixing. Sedimentation:: It is one of the most widely used in waste water treatment, sedimentation is the separation from the water, by gravitational settling, of suspended solids that are heavier than water, it is one of the most widely used unit operations in wastewater treatment .A Sedimentation basin may also be referred to as a sedimentation tank, settling basin ,or settling tank, Sedimentation is used for grit removal, particularly floating matter removal in the primary settling basin, biological float removal in the activated sludge and settling basin and chemical flog removal. Whenever the chemical coagulation processes is used. 4.3 Chemical unit processes: Sewage treatment plant is widely used to chemical unit processes ,This Treatment Methods in which the removal or conversion of the contaminants is brought about by the chemicals or by other chemical reactions are known as a chemical processes unit. There are three different types chemical processes used in the wastewater treatment.Precipitation,and disinfection and adsorption, which the process mostly used in the wastewater treatment. In the chemical precipitation ,treatment is also accomplished by producing a chemical precipitate that will settle. In most cases the settled precipitate will contain the both constituents that may have reacted with the adding to chemicals and the substance that were swept of wastewater as the predicated settled in the water. (George Tchobanoglous, FranKlin L.Burton, 1991,1979,1972) 4.4 Chemical coagulation: The settlement of fine colloidal and suspended solids can be assisted by the use of flocculation as but with dilute suspensions, such as lowland river waters, the opportunities for collisions and agglomeration are limited. In such circumstances flocculation does not significantly improve the settling characteristics of the suspension. the addition of a chemical coagulant, which precipitates flocculent solids in the water, followed by flocculation and sedimentation, can provide a high degree of clarification. the processes of chemical coagulation is thus carried out in a sequence of operations, the first of which involves rapid to permit enmeshment of the colloidal solids in the rapidly precipitating flock. (THY Tebbutt, 1990) Following the initial stage precipitation stage, the suspension is passed to flocculation and sedimentation units, which may be separate or combined. the most popular coagulant for potable water treatment is aluminum sulphate, often referred to as alum. When it is added to water in small doses of around 20-50mg/l,a reaction takes place with the natural alkalinity present, and insoluble aluminum hydroxide is formed. this responds well to controlled flocculation. The chemical reactions which occur are complex but may be simplified as Al2(SO4)3 +3Ca(HCO3)2 = 2Al(OH)3 + 3CaSo4 +6CO2 When using the commercial alum which has 16-18 molecules of water of crystallization, and expressing alkalinity in terms of calcium carbonate, each mg/l of alum reacts with 0.5mg/l of alkalinity. By using a range of coagulant does and PH values ,it is possible to determine the optimum conditions to achieve the required water quality. (THY Tebbutt, 1990) Chemical precipitation: In essence ,chemical precipitation depends upon the use of an added reagent which combines with the impurity to be removed to give an insoluble product which can then be removed by sedimentation, preceded by flocculation if necessary. A(impurity) + B(reagent) = C (precipitate) + D(by product) It is clearly essential that any byproduct of the reaction does not itself have undesirable properties in relation to the eventual use of the water or wastewater. It is also important to remember that chemical precipitation processes produce sludges containing the impurities and that the cost of handling and disposing of these sludges in a safe manner can be significant. (THY Tebbutt, 1990) Disinfection: Disinfection refers to the selective destroy of disease causing organism .all the organisms are not destroyed of during the process; this differentiates disinfection from sterilization, which is the destruction of all organisms. In the field of waste water treatment, there are three categories of human enteric organisms of the greatest consequence in producing disease are viruses, bacteria, and amoebic cysts. Disinfection is widely used to wastewater sewage treatment plant; there are well -established links between the contamination of drinking water with facial matter and the incidence of such water related diseases as cholera, typhoid and many gastrointestinal infections. Thus the removal of the pathogenic microorganisms from water supplies is a very valuable measure for the improvement of public health. Disinfection means the destruction of pathogenic microorganisms and does not necessarily mean that the water is sterile, since a small number of harmless microorganisms are usually present in tap water and poses no hazard. For most disinfection the rate of kill is given by dN/dt = -KN where k = rate constant N = number of living microorganisms The rate constant varies with the particular disinfectant, its concentration, the organism being killed,PH,Temperature,and other environmental factors. (THY Tebbutt, 1990) 5. Biological unit processes: Sewage Treatment plant is widely used to Biological unit processes ,this is processes is remove the microorganism of the water, In this Treatment methods in which the removal of contaminants is bring about by biological activity are known as a biological unit processes. Biological treatment is used primary to remove the biodegradable organic substances matter (means colloidal or dissolved )in wastewater.Basically,these substances matter are converted into the gases that can be escaped to the atmosphere and into the biological cell tissue unit that can be removed by settling. At the same time this treatment is also used to remove the nutrients (means nitrogen and phosphorous) in wastewater. (George Tchobanoglous, FranKlin L.Burton, 1991,1979,1972) 5.1 Components of wastewater Flows The components of the wastewater flows that make up the wastewater flow from a community depend on the type of collection system used and may include the following: There are four types of wastewater flows available in the wastewater treatment. 1. Domestic (is also called sanitary) wastewater. This is kind of wastewater discharged from residences and from commercial,instutional , and house hold sewage toilet waste water, bath, sinks ,and canteen wastewater and similar facilities. 2. Industrial wastewater .this kind of wastewater in which industrial wastes predominate. 3. Infiltration/inflow .water that enters the sewer system through the indirect and direct means. The Infiltration is extraneous water enters that the sewer system through the leaking joints. 4. Storm water. Runoff resulting from rainfall and snowmelt. This kind of components of wastewater flows essentially used in the sewage treatment plant. 5.2 Waste water treatment: There are four different types of wastewater processing in available in sewage treatment plant. Primary treatment referred to physical unit operations. Secondary treatment referred to chemical and Biological unit process, and also Advanced or tertiary referred to combinations of all four other processing.  · Preliminary wastewater treatment: Preliminary wastewater treatment is defined as the removal of wastewater constituents that may causes to maintenance of the operational problems with the treatment of the operations. Examples of preliminary operations are screening and commutation for the removal of debris (J.Staudenmann, A. Schonborn, C. Etnier, 1996).primary wastewater treatment: In primary wastewater treatment, a portion of the suspended solids and organic material is removing from the waste water. This removal is usually accomplished with physical operations such as screening and sedimentation. The effluent from primary treatment will ordinarily contain considerable organic matter and will have relatively high BOD.treatment plants using only primary treatment will be phased out in the future as implementation of the EPA secondary treatment requirements is completed. Rare instances (for those communities having a secondary treatment waiver)will primary treatment be used as the sole method of treatment .the principal function of primary treatment will continue to be as a precursor to secondary treatment . * Conventional secondary wastewater treatment: The secondary treatment is directed principally toward the removal of bio degradable organics and suspended. Disinfection is included frequently in the definition of conventional secondary treatment is defined as the combination of processes customarily used for the removal of these constituents and includes biological treatment by activated sludge fixed film reactors, or lagoon systems and sedimentation.  · Advanced wastewater treatment/wastewater reclamation: Advanced wastewater treatment is defined as the level of treatment required beyond conventional secondary treatment to removing constituents of concern including toxic, nutrients, compounds, and larger amounts of organic material and suspended solids .In addition to the nutrient removal processes, unit operations or processes frequently employed in advanced wastewater treatment are chemical coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation followed by filtration and multi grade filter and also activated carbon filter. (George Tchobanoglous, FranKlin L.Burton, 1991,1979,1972). 6. STP BASED ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTORS: 6.2 Principle: A Rotating biological contactor (RBC) is constructed of bundles of plastic packing attached radically to a shaft, forming a cylinder of media .the shaft is placed contour bottomed tank so that the media are submerged approximately 40 percent. the contactor surfaces are spaced so that during submergence in wastewater can enter the voids in the packing .when rotated out of the tank ,the liquid trickles out of the voids in the packing. when rotated out of the tank the liquid trickles out of the voids between surfaces and is replaced by air. A fixed film biological growth, similar to that on a trickling filter packing, adheres to the media surfaces. Alternating exposure to organics in the wastewater and oxygen in the air during rotation distributor. Excess the biomass sloughs from the media and is carried out in the processes effluent for gravity separation. A treatment system consists of primary sedimentation preceding and final sedimentation following the rotating biological contactors. Since the recirculation through RBC units is not normally practiced, only sufficient underflow from the final clarifier is returned to allow removal of excess of the biological solids in primary sedimentation and waste sludge similar to the character to the from trickling filter plant ,in withdrawn from the primary clarifiers disposal of waste. In large type of plants, a common shaft is placed over a contoured tank with the wastewater flow parallel to the shaft. A series of four stages are normally installed in the treatment of domestic wastewater for BOD reduction. additional stages may be added to initiate nitrification .Each stage acts as a completely mixed chamber and the movement of the wastewater through the series of tanks simulates plug flow. Biological solids washed off of the media are transported hydraulically under the baffles to be carried out with the effluent.RBC units are protected by installation either in a building with adequate ventilation or under separate plastic covers lined with insulation. The efficiency of BOD removal of in the processing domestic wastewater is based on empirical data from operating RBC plants. the Mathematical equations also have been developed ,but their prediction of the performance is not consistently reliable. the typically recommendations for secondary treatment of domestic wastewater to produce an effluent of less than 30 mg/l of BOD and also 30mg/l of suspended solids. (Mark J.Hammer Mark J.Hammer,Jr, 1996) TECHNICAL DETAILS OF RBC: DESCRIPTION MOC / MAK 1. Polymer sheet die 2m x 2 thk special polymer from Germany 2. RBC Trough poly propylene /FRP 3. RBC Support MS Resin Coated 4. Geared Motor (0.75HP) FLENDER 5. Input Coupling Love Joy 6. Drive Support Mild Steel 7. Bush Nylon 8. Shaft SS304 TANK SCHEDULE OF RBC : The following tanks used in sewage treatment plant based Rotating Biological contactor Processes. 1. Bar screen 2. Collection Tank 3. PIT 1,2,3 4. Flow divider 5. Sludge drying bed 6. Semi Treated water tank 7. Multi grade sand filter 8. Activated carbon filter 9. Treated water tank EQUIPMENT SCHEDULE The following equipments used in sewage treatment plant based Rotating Biological contactor processes. DESCRIPTION MODEL/HP QTY RBC 0.75 hp 1 Submersible Pump 1 Hp 2 Submersible Pump (Lamella) 1 Hp 1 Filter feed submersible pump 3 Hp 2 7. ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTOR PROCESS(60 KILO LITRE PER DAY): 2D 8. WATER CONSUMPTION ANALYSIS OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT: Raw sewage characteristics: Domestic waste water: The volume of a wastewater from a community varies from 50 to 250 gal capital per day depending on the sewer system uses. A common values for domestic wastewater flow is 120 gpcd means 450 liter person per day use, which assumes that the residential waste water have modern water using appliances, such as automatic washing machines. the organic substances matter contributed per person per day in domestic wastewater is approximately 0.24 lb to 110gram of suspended solids and 0.20lb and 90 gram of BOD in communities where a substantial portion of the household kitchen wastes is designed is discharged to the sewer system through garbage grinders. In selection of data for design, the quantity of and organic strength of wastewater should be based on actual measurements taken through the year to account for variations resulting from seasonal climatic changes and other factors. the average values during the peak month may be used for design ,excluding un usual infiltration and inflow, the av erage daily sanitary wastewater flow during the maximum month of the year is commonly 20 to 30 percent greater than the average annual daily flow, excluding seasonal industrial wastes, the average daily BOD load from sanitary wastewater during the maximum month is greater than the annual ave

Child Abuse and Major Long Term Essay

Description of the possible signs, symptoms, indicators and behaviours that may concern in the context of safeguarding Children are usually abused by someone in their immediate family cycle. This can include parents, brothers, sisters, babysitters and other familiar adult. Children can be abused by age of up to 18 years and they likely to be at risk of physical injuries, sexual abuse, neglect, emotional abuse or verbal abuse. Child abuse can have major long term effects on all aspects of a child’s health, development and well being. The main forms of maltreatment are: Neglect sign; A child come to school usually with dirty skin, hair and clothes or without jacket in winter. Children in the school may feel hungry and tiredness or being left alone unsupervised. Even then they are sick not taken to GP for medical treatment. A child frequently absent from school and beg steal food or money. Possible symptom: A child appear to be indifferent and a child seems apathetic depressed. A lso the a child behave irrationally or in a bizarre manner. ————————————————- Impact of neglect: Impact of neglecting a child can cause brain damage and also have psychological implications such as cognitive delays or emotional difficulties. Psychological problem often manifest as high risk behaviour problem, depression and anxiety in children Emotion abuse: When a child feel furious, sad and crying and behaving inappropriately in the class that mean he is being emotional abused. Sign: When a child is being emotional abused he may chose dark colour to paint on the paper. Feeling low self esteem, seeking attention from others, behaviour difficulties, continual rocking, hair twisting, delayed development Possible symptom: CYP will delayed in languages development and play skills and have impaired ability to enjoyment in play. Not trusting other and feeling nervous all the time. CYP will feel guilty, ashamed and withdrawal of social interaction. Their mode will change and they frequently blaming others people. ——————†”—————————- Effects: emotional abuse is the most difficult form of a child maltreatment identify and to prevent. Babies who are emotionally abused may slow or fail to develop. Physical abuse Signs: Physical abuse is when children are being physical abused by someone. This can be involved hitting, biting, punching,  kicking, burning, scalding, shaking, throwing or beating with object such as stick and belt. It also includes poisoning, giving a child alcohol, drug Symptoms: Practitioner need to have acknowledgement of physical abuse and there signs to protect children from harm. Any injuries which parent doesn’t inform practitioner or children may not received medical treatment, can raise concern of abuse. Sometime children may refused to change clothe on PE day because they want to hide their injuries signs ————————————————- Effects: Physical abuse can lead child physical injuries, disability and in extreme cases can cause death. Physical abuse has been link to emotional & aggressive behaviour in children as well as can cause learning difficulties. Sexual abuse sign: Recurrent urinary infection, genital and rectal itching, blood in under paint and soreness, inappropriate behaviour and regarding age and ability, children may feel lack of trust, regression and become isolated and withdrawn Symptom: CYP will behave aggressive and disruptive behaviour and feeling afraid when they left alone. Difficulties in walking and setting and wearing so many layer of clothe. Change in behaviour around specific person and try to avoid familiar adult. Sexual acting and inappropriate sexual play. Also lack of interest playing with friend, sport and any other activities in the school. ————————————————- Effect; The severe effect of sexual abuse can be on children they may suffer mental health problem, depression, identity confusion, behaviour difficulties and also emotional problem. References Describe That Possible Signs, Symptoms, Indicators and Behaviours That May Cause Concern in the Context of Safeguarding. http://www.studymode.com/essays/Describe-That-Possible-Signs-Symptoms-Indicators-878910.html(5/11/2012) Describe That Possible Signs, Symptoms, Indicators and Behaviours That May Cause Concern in the Context of Safeguarding http://www.silkysteps.com/forum/showthread.php?t=13536 (5/11/2012) Recognizing Child Abuse and Neglect: Signs and Symptomhttp://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/factsheets/signs.cfm(6/11/2012) Meggitt C (2011) Cache Level 3 Diploma Children and Young People

The Chimney Sweeper - 1038 Words

POETRY ESSAY The Chimney Sweeper Thesis Sometimes people are forced to grow and live in the harshest of conditions, it can be hard to see God in those dark and bleak times but those who can, are truly blessed and know that their sufferings will only be temporary. Outline I. Introduction- Bringing to light an appalling state of affairs regarding children who have no loved ones The Chimney sweeper Overview: Sold into child slavery at an early age Forced to grow up quickly Examples of imagery in the poem Hard working conditions Dreams of a better time and place The author uses imagery to describe how the†¦show more content†¦and shine in the Sun.† It is clear in the poem that the author is one of the young boys who is living in what seems to be a type of orphanage home ran by the head chimney sweeper. He tells of all the boys living in the home with him, and he mentions one of the boys in specific named Tom. Tom seems to be a particular sad boy that he mentions who has trouble sleeping at nights in the room with the other boys. The story’s narrator mentions how he has been living in these conditions with these boys which are like his family for almost all his life. It is clear that Blake is also writing this poem out of a sense of protest about the conditions that these boys along with many others are forced to live and work in every day across England. In conclusion it is evident that Blake is writing this poem to bring to light a major calamity in England. The practice of young boys being forced to work and li ve in these types of conditions is appalling. Many western world nations passed child labor laws during the 19th century. Blake’s poem about the life of a child having to work and live in these types of conditions probably helped people understand the need for these types of laws. 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The first poem of â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† is Songs of InnocenceRead MoreEssay on the Chimney Sweeper958 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish 102-B12 LUO Spring 2014 Joseph P Garland Jr L23810423 MLA A literary analysis of â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper.† Social Injustice was rampant among chimney sweeps in 18th and 19th Century England... In the poem â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† from â€Å"Songs of Innocence† This paper will evaluate and show the story and writing style dealing with social injustice. 1. Introduction a. The Chimney Sweeper 2. The Location and Era a. 18th and 19th Century England 3. Point of View a. TomRead MoreEssay On The Chimney Sweeper774 Words   |  4 PagesSet in the times of the Industrial Revolution, Blake’s The Chimney Sweeper is a powerful attempt to fight one of the biggest social injustices at the time: child labour. He illustrates the heartbreaking life story of thousands of kids through two different points of view, one is exposed in the poem pertaining to Songs of Innocence (1789) and the other one is exposed in Songs of Experience (1794). Both poems share the same outline; however, it is the narrator’s view the one that changes drasticallyRead MoreThe Chimney Sweeper Essay765 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Chimney Sweeper by William Blake† In William Blake’s poem, the reader will read about the first person point of view of a child going through a neglected life of child labour and slavery. In the poem, â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper†, Blake’s use of onomatopoeia conveys the emotions of the character in the poem. William Blake uses symbolism in his poem which gives the reader a better understanding of the message he is trying to convey. As well, Blake’s use of colors and adjectives provides the readerRead MoreThe Chimney Sweeper And The Tyger878 Words   |  4 Pages God is viewed very differently in â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† and â€Å"The Tyger.† In â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† god is a source of hope and control. If you do your job and stay out of trouble everything will be okay. In â€Å"The Tyger† God is questioned how could someone who made the gentle lamb also make the creature like a tiger. â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† paints God in a light that if you keep your head down and do what you are told everything will be okay. The author uses the voice of a child to represent theRead MoreThe Chimney Sweeper By William Blake1487 Words   |  6 Pageschoice but to sell their sons and daughters. Unfortunately, the career that children were forced into was chimney sweeping, which had a terrifyingly high mortality rate. The poem, â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper†, written by William Blake, tells the heartbreaking story of a child who is sold into chimney sweeping at a young age and leads a devastating life. After reading Blake’s poem about the sweepers, one may begin to wonder how it was possible for children to be treated so poorly, and how the king of thatRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Chimney Sweeper 1418 Words   |  6 PagesBlake’s poem â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† is considered to be one of his finest, yet contradictory works of his life, as he provides a negative social perspective on the topic of child labour. Assisted through the use of various poetic techniques such as anecdotes, biblical illusion, symbolism, euphemism, metaphors, and rhyme, Blake was able to assertively convey his protest towards the laws against the use of young children in the British workforce. The theme of child innocence is also the other main exploredRead MoreComparing The Poem The Chimney Sweeper 1374 Words   |  6 PagesThe two poems that I chose to compare are â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† poem from both Songs of Innocence and the Songs of Experience. When my mother died I was very young, And my father sold me while yet my tongue Could scarcely cry weep! weep! weep! weep! So your chimneys I sweep in soot I sleep. There s little Tom Dacre, who cried when his head That curled like a lamb s back, was shaved, so I said, Hush, Tom! never mind it, for when your head s bare, You know that the soot cannot spoil

Social Class And Status Groups - 1318 Words

Social class is a concept that has been interpreted countless times throughout history. The existence of social class and status groups has even been questioned and whether it is a positive or negative thing. This ethnography explores groups of class and how distinctions between individuals on a macro level can affect their micro level interactions in everyday life. The differences between individuals macro distribution would not have any effect if they were not illustrated in everyday micro level encounters and thus class and status groups would not be formed. The ethnographic research conducted for this analysis is of social class groups of women in a local cafà ©. For this study I visited this cafà © three mornings in a row and observed the daily activities of the local resident’s comings and goings. The first morning everything seemed to run just as a typical cafà © would run, women gathering for brunch or morning tea, business people grabbing their coffee on their way to important meetings and the usual. On the second visit I had noticed the two same groups of women at the cafà © sitting at the same spots they were the day before. I observed the two groups of women simultaneously and even approached them and conversed with them. Shortly after interacting with the women I had uncovered the distinction between these groups of women. They were groups of mothers, one group from the local public school in the neighbourhood and the other group from the local private school. TheShow MoreRelatedConcept Applications Paper : Social Structure, Groups, And Class956 Words   |  4 PagesApplications Paper: Social Structure, Groups, and Class in my High School English Class After reviewing my options of groups to observe on this paper, I decided on my English Class in high school. I chose this because the teacher treats it like a college class, providing plenty of discussion and interaction to observe. The class has a very diverse body of about twenty students, which also presented many examples of aspects abroad sociology. Social structure, group, and class are sociological aspectsRead MoreEssay about Summary - Weber - Class, Status, Party851 Words   |  4 Pagesargument regarding social stratification in contrast to Marx’s. In his discussion of his theory of social stratification, he outlines three ways in which society is divided: by class (economically), status (socially) and by party (ideologically). He argues that the individual identity is not determined by the class identity, and that status and party identities often cross class divisions. The article begins by detailing the human desire for social power and how, through class, certain forms ofRead MoreThe Battle with Social Class773 Words   |  4 PagesSocial class is a system of social stratification, the hierarchy creates specific types of social inequalities. Social inequality refers to the existence of social inequalities created such as ownership, types of occupation that creates differences in wealth, income and power, while social stratification refers to the existence of social groups. Class can be arranged to economic factors such as income, education, wealth and other factors at work. Poverty remains high and could argue that true povertyRead MoreThe Conflict And Functionalist Theories Behind Social Class1496 Words   |  6 Pagesmaterializes the upper class, vulgarizes our middle class, brutalizes our lower class. In Australia, social class is a widely recognised concept, however some individuals, particularly the wealthy people, will argue that so cial class in non existent, that with hard work anyone can achieve, what they set their mind onto. The social stratification system, is based on objective criteria, including wealth, power, and prestige. The Australian notion of equal opportunity, insinuates that social class does not affectRead MoreMax Weber s Theory Of Power897 Words   |  4 Pagescentury, which was something along these lines: ‘Power’ is the probability that one actor within a social relationship will be in a position to carry out his own will despite resistance, regardless of the basis on which that probability rests (1978, pg. 53). SUMMARY OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF POWER WITHIN THE POLITICAL COMMUNITY In â€Å"The Distribution of Power within the Political Community: Class, Status, Party,† Max Weber discusses uses his three-component theory of stratification within the politicalRead MoreThe Distribution Of Power Within The Political Community1025 Words   |  5 PagesThe Distribution of Power within the Political Community: Class, Status, Party (1914): by Max Weber Summary In â€Å"The Distribution of Power within the Political Community: Class, Status, Party†, Max Weber discusses the two types of powers: social and economic. However, between social power and economic power, they each vary in the sense of their prestige. Those with economic power have the ability to monopolize the goods and commodities coming in and out of the market, and have the power to chooseRead MoreMarx And Weber s Effect On The Society Of Individuals And For The Dynamics Of Institutions1462 Words   |  6 Pagescriticisms of both Marx and Weber, the more satisfactory account of class comes from Weber. Firstly, Weber is writing in hindsight of Marx. Weber was writing 60 years after wrote his account of class therefore it is easier for Weber to consider Marx’s faults and improve them to make them more relevant to modern societies. ***reference****It is unrealistic to consider class on it’s own in modern societies, because as Weber proves, status and party ar e hugely influential for ‘the lives of individuals andRead MoreThe Film Gangs Of New York1726 Words   |  7 Pagesregion called the Five Points during the Civil War time period. Within the film there were many different examples of social stratification like class privilege, status, and power. The examples of stratification were shown by both gangs and the individuals that the gangs were compromised of. The purpose of this paper is to analyze these examples of social class and privilege, status, parties, and power, as described by Max Weber, and how they exemplified in the film Gangs of New York. The examplesRead MoreMarx s Theory Of Power And Inequality1470 Words   |  6 PagesMarx’s and Weber’s approach the study of power and inequality through class and economics. They agree that the wealthy does have some power advantage over the poor. But they differ in the power distribution. Marx only sees the bourgeoisie as the ultimate power house; while Weber be lieves that power is distributed among class, status, and party. Their opinion on social mobility is also different. Marx sees class as automatic and Weber sees it as a developing and changing idea. This is why Weber’sRead MoreSocial Class As A Society Based On Social And Economic Status992 Words   |  4 PagesThis essay will explore the notion of social class and whether it is still relevant within today’s society. The Oxford Dictionary defines social class as ‘a division of a society based on social and economic status’ and is measurable in terms of stratification and inequality. Stratification suggests people are ranked hierarchically according to their attributes such as income, wealth, power, age, gender and status, whereas, inequality explains the difference between people in terms of their abilities

My Visit to Centennial Village Historical Site in Greeley

I was pleasantly surprised on how much I enjoyed visiting the Centennial Village historical site in Greeley. I happened to visit this museum on the perfect day because there were children from different schools dressed up and â€Å"living† how the people in Northern Colorado lived more than 100 years ago. With the children all dressed up like people used to dress, and doing the chores that they used to take on really made it the feel like I was back in time. I got to experience dozens of historical sites, live animals, schools, and businesses that really helped me understand part of Northern Colorado’s history. One of my favorite parts about this museum was how we got to see all the different immigrants homes that made this region so culturally diverse. If I were living in Colorado around these times I most likely would be living in a Stone House because teachers typically lived in these types of houses. These houses where located on Eagle’s Nest Ranch right out of Greeley and were made up of stones. These houses where primarily made up for ranchers and teachers. Another type of house is called the Swedish-American House, (STUGA) these homes tend to be a little nicer than the Stone houses and reflect a blend of Old and New World Culture. These one room framed dwellings with a boxer roof were typically houses for the Swedish immigrants. Another group that migrated to Northern Colorado was the Spanish. They migrated to Weld County to take advantage of the jobs that were created

Tribal Feminism Free Essays

Paula Gunn asserts in her work â€Å"Pushing up the Sky† that tribal life of Native Americans possess an acceptable and dominated element of matriarchy and female- dominance. But she also make it clear that â€Å"tribal feminism† present in the tribal life was different to the concept of feminism that surged the modern society since late 1960s. The cotemporary feminist movements consider the tribal society as lame centered in which women were subjugated and oppressed. We will write a custom essay sample on Tribal Feminism or any similar topic only for you Order Now She suppose that this misconception on the part of the new feminists are due to tampered literature that present a distorted image of women condition in the tribal societies. She provides examples from a specific narrative (that conveys a totally different meaning and context of a ritual ceremony and woman role in it in the tribal society) to prove her point. Let’s examine her point of view in details. Paula Gunn Allen has juxtaposed modern feminist approaches to that of â€Å"tribal feminism† as persisted in the Native American tribes. She further implies that pre-conceived notions of the modern feminists can not be attributed to the tribal feminism and that feminism (tribal must be observed and analyzed in its contextual framework using employing the basic tenets of feminist thought. She provides reason for this as  Ã¢â‚¬Å"[t]he contexts of Anglo-European and Keres Indian life differ so greatly in virtually every assumption about the nature of reality, society, ethics, female roles, and the sacred importance of seasonal change that simply telling a Keres tale within the an Anglo European narrative context creates a dizzying series of false impressions and unanswerable (perhaps even unoposable) questions.† (p. 238) For this purpose she takes the example of marriage. According to modern feminist approach, marriage is considered as an operational tool for masculine supremacy and dominance. (p.237)   It provides justification to every masculine act of domestic oppression and subjugation of women in way or the other. But for Keres and for most of other American Tribes, it has no anti-feminist connotations. She says in this regard, â€Å"[P]aternity is not an issue among traditional Keres people; a child belongs to its mother’s clan, not in the sense that she or he is owned by the clan, but in the sense that she or he belongs within it.† (p. 238) Modern feminist viewpoint will consider the information that the have received through different information channels. The foremost of these channels are the narratives that are written by Anglo-European writers. For example the narrative of Gunn describe Kochinennako as cause of conflict and thus maligned the woman character in the tribal society but Paula is of the view that truth is different from what a modern feminist takes from Gunn’s narrative. She asserts that from a native point of view, Kochinnenako is serving as a social tool in the narrative and â€Å"it is through her ritual agency that the orderly, harmonious, transfer of primacy between the Summer and the Winter people accomplished.†(p. 238) So she is a dominant force according to Keres viewpoint that enables the society to create harmony and balance in the tribal life. Paula further sustains the viewpoint that a modern feminist will read a Gunn’s version of a story, will consider tribal society as patriarchal and male-centered   in which Kochinennako marries an indifferent and violent person against her will. Her will or approval is not considered necessary. So tribal society   bvdoes not take into account the feminine feelings and their ultimate right to choose. A rather radical supposition that will come out of this reading is about the abuse of power where common folk is afflicted with pathos and miseries due to Kochinennako’s â€Å"unfortunate alliance†. Paula further illustrate that these interpretations of Gunn’s story are not in align with tribal socio-economic patterns and structure of Keres but rather it’s manifestation of Anglo-European tradition that are forcefully and/or wrongly implied to the tribal structure of Keres. She further asserts that it is the narrative structure of the Gunn’s story that is woven in a way â€Å"to confirm a feminist’s interpretation of the tale as only another example of low status of women in tribal cultures.†(p. 235) Gunn’s narrative version itself is tampered with Anglo-European sexist, classicist and racist notions and concepts. Consciously or unconsciously, these notions and other related values are immersed in the mainstream tribal thought in a subtle way that an ordinary reader can not detect them. Furthermore, the linguistic inability of one language to transmit the concepts and values of another culture is another problem that renders alteration to the cultural concepts of one culture. Paula says in this regard, â€Å"So while the problem is one of translation, it is not simply one of word equivalence. The differences are perceptual and contextual as much as verbal† (p.225) Third factor that further deteriorates the situation is non-understanding of a proper contextual framework in which values, rituals and traditions operate. To understand a tribal narrative it is mandatory to comprehend its contextual framework. So Paula assumes that Gunn’s version is tampered on the same pattern and his story contains notions of â€Å"Christianization, secularization, economic dislocation† patriarchal tradition of Anglo-European life etc. together â€Å"with linguistic inequivalence and lack of contextual understanding. Or this purpose she provides the example of Hiut-cha-mun-ki-uk. Guinn has translated this as â€Å"broken prayer stick† but Paula says that it originally means â€Å"——-. Furthermore, Gunn is unable to provide cultural assumptions and orientations related to these terminologies. That’s the reason that these terminologies are perceived in wrong connotations. Paula further says that Gunn has neglected the broad contextual framework in which the whole story operates. This narrative version is related to a ritual that celebrates the seasonal change i.e. the coming of Summer. Additionally, as this story is taken from yellow woman story, and;  Ã¢â‚¬Å"[t]he themes and to a large extent the motifs of these stories are always female-centered, always told from Yellow women’s point o f view. Some older recordedVversions of yellow woman tales (as in Gunn) make yellow woman the daughter of the hocheni’s. Gunn translates Hocheni as â€Å"ruler†. But Keres notions of the hicheni’s function and positions are as cacique or Mother Chief, which differ greatly from Anglo-European idea of rulership.†(p.226) Paula further reinforces the idea that woman has a special place in the Keres of Lagua and Acoma Pueblos. Yellow woman is regarded as an epitome of certain extra human abilities. Paula elaborates that â€Å"in many ways Kochinennako is a role model though she possesses some behaviors that are not likely to occur in many of the women who hear story†. (p.227)   Paula wants to imply that her feminine character is different not only on the chronological basis but due to a different concept of woman hood in the tribal societies of Native American. So distortions and immersion of western thought in the narrative of Gunn also blur the vision of Modern feminists who consider a different view of â€Å"women status in the tribal life† that has nothing to do with real tribal society and its feminist notions. Paula assertions seem valid about the distortion of contextual framework and its negative effects on the feminine perception of tribal women life. She thinks that incapacity of Western mind to understand and interpret the true tribal mindset and values pertaining to feminism in particular and other socio-cultural phenomenon â€Å"because they are generally trained to perceive their (tribesmen) entire world in ways that are alien to tribal understandings.† (p. 243). Her point of view about the linguistic tampering due to various mentioned facts is also convincible. But sometime she draws upon far-fetched arguments to prove her point of view. The tribal society as depicted by her illustrations of Gunn’s narratives, clearly manifest a balanced and just society where both male and female members of the community are on equal terms. Although particularly in the domestic sphere they have dominance but they are absent from other aspects of mainstream social life. However, the arguments of Paula contain logical assumptions. But the supposition about the difference between modern feminist concepts and â€Å"tribal feminism† due to the misconception due to biases of the narrator and narrative structure is valid and authentic.    How to cite Tribal Feminism, Essay examples

Untitled Essay Research Paper Discussion of the free essay sample

Untitled Essay, Research Paper Discussion of the Feasibility of Miracles and the Grounds for Christianity bing withoutMiracles. Kurt Erler Philosophic Classicss 11/11/96 In the undermentioned Discussion, I will indicate out the facts and thoughts that disagree with Hume # 8217 ; s thoughts. The thoughts are the 1s on miracles in An Question Refering Human Understanding affecting Section 10 Of Miracles. The thought of this is utilizing the circle philosophical statement. If one agrees that Christians believe in the Bible, and that miracles have people understand the Bible as Hume points out, so Christians must believe in miracles. If one takes off any of these things, the statement does non keep. In this instance, the remotion of the Bible is used. Hume confronts the thoughts of faith straight by saying that without the luster of miracles, Christianity and other beliefs would non stand. He states that miracles are used to do us believe the Bibles. This is non true, since from the starts of Christianity there were non ever scriptures. There were pieces of art work done for coevalss before the texts were written and after that, they still had to be published. From at that place, merely the rich were good away plenty to afford such a book. In fact, the Gospels were written from 20-100 old ages after Christ died. The Acts were a aggregation of plants made from two hundred to three hundred old ages after the crucifixion, collected from different histories. And so there are the letters, which were written about four hundred and 50 old ages after the fact. They were written by St. Paul, who was besides a soldier for the Roman ground forces and killed 100s of Christians, who believed and followed God, without the Bibles that Hume negotiations approximately. From this, if you take away the Bibles, God # 8217 ; s church carries on and if you take the people from the church, God # 8217 ; s church still survives. The Bibles do non do people believe, they help people understand. For this Hume is right. He states that miracles help Christians understand what they believe, but the belief and religion are deeper. Miracles and fables helped people believe and understand what was to be our religion, but they are non what religion is approximately. You can take any miracle, and religion will still be. Miracles are besides going more understood. There is thought that as Hume nowadayss, some miracles are in themselves fast ones of nature, such as the splitting of the Red Sea. At a clip of utmost low tide one can traverse, and that the Egyptian ground forces sank because of the clay or their heavy armour they were loaded with. There are organic structures and armour found underneath the Red Sea that is Roman and there exists grounds of this being the cause of it. Hume says that miracles are the rebelliousness or the breakage of the regulations of nature. In his account, the lifting of a house or mountain is merely every bit large a miracle, as is the lifting of a feather by the air current. As stated, in this Hume is perchance right, that miracles are phenomena of nature that can, with progresss in scientific discipline, be explained. This is what Hume calls Transgressions of a jurisprudence of nature. Hume specifying non-natural events is led to believe that they are miracles, but all the clip miracles, through scientific discipline, are seen to be possible, so a miracle so is non a miracle as much know, yet the religion is non broken. Hume is besides seeking to stop in his head, what he thinks is superstitious notion. He thinks that when we start to believe clearly about faith, we will get down to lose our belief in it. Again he is utilizing the statement that is stated in the above paragraph. Hume # 8217 ; s unfavorable judgments are non aimed to state you that your spiritual beliefs are false, alternatively he does non hold with the grounds given to back up their strong beliefs. He says the lone advantage to keeping onto your spiritual beliefs or being able to back up them, is that you could give an unbeliever ground to portion your beliefs. If you think that there is rational grounds for your beliefs, so you can travel out and portion them and acquire others to believe the same. Again, Christianity holds without the miracles, for in the beginning, there were no miracles that were talked about. Here is where a fideist is true. A fideist is person who is willing to lodge to their spiritual beliefs without holding to see cogent evidence or miracles, so they merely have faith. The advantage is that they are what people would be without miracles and that they are what would transport the church if all the other cogent evidence and miracles didn # 8217 ; t occur any longer, for Jesus even said that Blessed are they who believe without seeing, for the land of God is theirs. Hume now goes on to state that we can neer for certain know that miracles do be. He says that the closest thing we have to believe in miracles is the evildoings of a jurisprudence of nature ( p. 77 ) . Our beliefs in nature are the strongest. He says that otherwise, grounds and informants can be incorrect, and so the grounds found must be obliging adequate that its falsity interruptions Torahs of nature. For these grounds, we will neer hold plenty or strong adequate grounds to turn out that a miracle occurred. Again, since we depend on experience, as Hume provinces, to cognize or explicate what we see and what goes on, how can we cognize what a miracle is or looks like, such as similar as the illustration that you have no ground to believe that this universe is uncomplete and needs work, because you have neer seen a completed universe. This turns into his statement of cognizing God through experience. Not merely can we non cognize God from experience of miracles, but he once more uses the thought that since we have neer experienced God, we can non specify him or what he is. This we can utilize with the statement of mathematics. We have neer experienced space, a line, a plane or many other mathematical things, but we use them in many equations and in understanding other things. Worlds are capable of groking things that we do non wholly understand. Hume # 8217 ; s statements do non keep, because of the strong beliefs and thoughts of worlds before the knowing of miracles and the similar. There is something innate approximately worlds that tell them that something is most likely at that place. The beginnings of the existence, the creative activity of life, these things and others merely do non look from nowhere. This is the same thing that makes people cognize what good and bad are. You can non believe in God, but something still tells you that killing a babe is incorrect and to assist person is right. It is the feeling in the dorsum of your caput that does this to you. This is Hume # 8217 ; s thought of morality. This is because of how we think one act would consequence the universe. Therefore, when we see one individual making many good Acts of the Apostless, we think of them as a good individual. We can non deduce that in another universe a divinity would alter the little jobs of this universe. Where of all time we have beliefs based on experience we can travel every bit far as experience Lashkar-e-Taibas us go, but no farther. This is Hume # 8217 ; s thought of understanding. Again, if one points out the mathematical accounts, this does non keep. He says we can non exceed experience, so we have no thought of immortality. We get all thought from experience. Solid beliefs come from detecting changeless happenings of something. The lone beliefs that will stand up are beliefs that give you strong imperial grounds. Skepticism leads to moderateness in positions and that is good. The changing of these positions leads us to still demo that Hume is incorrect in that religion, space, and God still exists in human heads, even though we have neer experienced him to the full. As shown, clip did non ever have miracles on text to demo them the manner. We had religion and hope, and for many that is still all the Ys have or need.Discussion of the Feasibility of Miracles and the Grounds for Christianity bing withoutMiracles. Kurt Erler Philosophic Classicss 11/11/96 In the undermentioned Discussion, I will indicate out the facts and thoughts that disagree with Hume # 8217 ; s thoughts. The thoughts are the 1s on miracles in An Question Refering Human Understanding affecting Section 10 Of Miracles. The thought of this is utilizing the circle philosophical statement. If one agrees that Christians believe in the Bible, and that miracles have people understand the Bible as Hume points out, so Christians must believe in miracles. If one takes off any of these things, the statement does non keep. In this instance, the remotion of the Bible is used. Hume confronts the thoughts of faith straight by saying that without the luster of miracles, Christianity and other beliefs would non stand. He states that miracles are used to do us believe the Bibles. This is non true, since from the starts of Christianity there were non ever scriptures. There were pieces of art work done for coevalss before the texts were written and after that, they still had to be published. From at that place, merely the rich were good away plenty to afford such a book. In fact, the Gospels were written from 20-100 old ages after Christ died. The Acts were a aggregation of plants made from two hundred to three hundred old ages after the crucifixion, collected from different histories. And so there are the letters, which were written about four hundred and 50 old ages after the fact. They were written by St. Paul, who was besides a soldier for the Roman ground forces and killed 100s of Christians, who believed and followed God, without the Bibles that Hume negotiations approximately. From this, if you take away the Bibles, God # 8217 ; s church carries on and if you take the people from the church, God # 8217 ; s church still survives. The Bibles do non do people believe, they help people understand. For this Hume is right. He states that miracles help Christians understand what they believe, but the belief and religion are deeper. Miracles and fables helped people believe and understand what was to be our religion, but they are non what religion is approximately. You can take any miracle, and religion will still be. Miracles are besides going more understood. There is thought that as Hume nowadayss, some miracles are in themselves fast ones of nature, such as the splitting of the Red Sea. At a clip of utmost low tide one can traverse, and that the Egyptian ground forces sank because of the clay or their heavy armour they were loaded with. There are organic structures and armour found underneath the Red Sea that is Roman and there exists grounds of this being the cause of it. Hume says that miracles are the rebelliousness or the breakage of the regulations of nature. In his account, the lifting of a house or mountain is merely every bit large a miracle, as is the lifting of a feather by the air current. As stated, in this Hume is perchance right, that miracles are phenomena of nature that can, with progresss in scientific discipline, be explained. This is what Hume calls Transgressions of a jurisprudence of nature. Hume specifying non-natural events is led to believe that they are miracles, but all the clip miracles, through scientific discipline, are seen to be possible, so a miracle so is non a miracle as much know, yet the religion is non broken. Hume is besides seeking to stop in his head, what he thinks is superstitious notion. He thinks that when we start to believe clearly about faith, we will get down to lose our belief in it. Again he is utilizing the statement that is stated in the above paragraph. Hume # 8217 ; s unfavorable judgments are non aimed to state you that your spiritual beliefs are false, alternatively he does non hold with the grounds given to back up their strong beliefs. He says the lone advantage to keeping onto your spiritual beliefs or being able to back up them, is that you could give an unbeliever ground to portion your beliefs. If you think that there is rational grounds for your beliefs, so you can travel out and portion them and acquire others to believe the same. Again, Christianity holds without the miracles, for in the beginning, there were no miracles that were talked about. Here is where a fideist is true. A fideist is person who is willing to lodge to their spiritual beliefs without holding to see cogent evidence or miracles, so they merely have faith. The advantage is that they are what people would be without miracles and that they are what would transport the church if all the other cogent evidence and miracles didn # 8217 ; t occur any longer, for Jesus even said that Blessed are they who believe without seeing, for the land of God is theirs. Hume now goes on to state that we can neer for certain know that miracles do be. He says that the closest thing we have to believe in miracles is the evildoings of a jurisprudence of nature ( p. 77 ) . Our beliefs in nature are the strongest. He says that otherwise, grounds and informants can be incorrect, and so the grounds found must be obliging adequate that its falsity interruptions Torahs of nature. For these grounds, we will neer hold plenty or strong adequate grounds to turn out that a miracle occurred. Again, since we depend on experience, as Hume provinces, to cognize or explicate what we see and what goes on, how can we cognize what a miracle is or looks like, such as similar as the illustration that you have no ground to believe that this universe is uncomplete and needs work, because you have neer seen a completed universe. This turns into his statement of cognizing God through experience. Not merely can we non cognize God from experience of miracles, but he once more uses the thought that since we have neer experienced God, we can non specify him or what he is. This we can utilize with the statement of mathematics. We have neer experienced space, a line, a plane or many other mathematical things, but we use them in many equations and in understanding other things. Worlds are capable of groking things that we do non wholly understand. Hume # 8217 ; s statements do non keep, because of the strong beliefs and thoughts of worlds before the knowing of miracles and the similar. There is something innate approximately worlds that tell them that something is most likely at that place. The beginnings of the existence, the creative activity of life, these things and others merely do non look from nowhere. This is the same thing that makes people cognize what good and bad are. You can non believe in God, but something still tells you that killing a babe is incorrect and to assist person is right. It is the feeling in the dorsum of your caput that does this to you. This is Hume # 8217 ; s thought of morality. This is because of how we think one act would consequence the universe. Therefore, when we see one individual making many good Acts of the Apostless, we think of them as a good individual. We can non deduce that in another universe a divinity would alter the little jobs of this universe. Where of all time we have beliefs based on experience we can travel every bit far as experience Lashkar-e-Taibas us go, but no farther. This is Hume # 8217 ; s thought of understanding. Again, if one points out the mathematical accounts, this does non keep. He says we can non exceed experience, so we have no thought of immortality. We get all thought from experience. Solid beliefs come from detecting changeless happenings of something. The lone beliefs that will stand up are beliefs that give you strong imperial grounds. Skepticism leads to moderateness in positions and that is good. The changing of these positions leads us to still demo that Hume is incorrect in that religion, space, and God still exists in human heads, even though we have neer experienced him to the full. As shown, clip did non ever have miracles on text to demo them the manner. We had religion and hope, and for many that is still all they have or need.